卧龙自然保护区大熊猫空间利用格局动态变化特征

野生动物在长期的栖息地选择过程中,能判断其生境质量,而趋向于选择既能降低能量消耗,又能获得营养价值和能量净收益较高的有利生境。以往的研究多是从统计学方法或宏观尺度对大熊猫生境进行评价,很少考虑到野生动物自身生物学特性及生境选择过程中的空间利用特征。本研究结合家域模型与景观格局分析技术定量分析大熊猫实际空间利用格局的动态变化特征及其破碎化程度,进而反映不同时期大熊猫生境选择模式及栖息地生境适宜性的动态变化。结果表明：卧龙自然保护区大熊猫在对栖息地的实际利用过程中向更适宜的区域集中,使得高适宜等级区域面积有所增大;而边缘生境区域更容易受到自然灾害和人为因素的干扰,破碎化加剧,需要在保护工作中引起足够的重视。从大熊猫行为模式特征出发,在不同时空尺度上,评估大熊猫对生境选择的空间格局变化特征,丰富了野生动物栖息地适宜性评价的时空尺度选择,为更准确地制定保护区管理政策提供了有效的工具。     

古田山常绿阔叶林优势树种甜槠和木荷的空间格局分析

基于24 hm²古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林长期监测样地调查资料, 采用Ripley的K函数点格局分析等方法, 具体分析了古田山常绿阔叶林优势树种甜槠(Castanopsis eyrei)与木荷(Schima superba)不同年龄阶段的空间分布格局以及它们之间的空间关联性。结果表明: 两种优势物种在总体上及不同年龄阶段主要呈聚集分布, 且随年龄阶段的增加, 聚集程度有降低的趋势。两物种在大尺度直观上有明显的生境偏好。两种优势物种的幼树、小树与大树和老树主要呈空间负相关或无空间关联性, 与中树呈空间正相关。甜槠中树与大树、大树与老树主要呈空间正相关, 而甜槠的中树与老树呈空间负相关。木荷中树与大树和老树、大树与老树均呈现空间负相关或无关联。我们发现古田山优势物种通过密度制约和Janzen-Connell效应释放空间, 为其他物种共存提供了条件, 密度制约和Janzen-Connell效应可能是古田山样地甜槠和木荷空间格局形成的重要原因。     

Disentangling confusions in inflorescence morphology:Patterns and diversity of reproductive shoot ramification in angiosperms

Terminology of inflorescence diversity has often been used in a confusing way in the literature,partly because it was based on uncritical and outdated definitions.In particular,the terms cyme,thyrse,and panicle have been misused.Although a more critical classification worked out by several authors is available,it is unfortunately not in general use because most of the relevant publications are written in German.In addition,some terms have not been used in the same way by morphologists and developmental geneticists.The present review attempts to remedy the situation with a simple outline of a classification based on:(i)different branching patterns;(ii)differential elongation of axes of different orders;and(iii)repetition of basic ramification patterns in different ways.Racemose and cymose branching are two extreme patterns;the former with limitation of axial orders to two,the second with limitation of lateral axes of each order to two.In a branching system,a sequence of racemose→cymose and,within the cyme,of dichasial→monochasial is common,but the reverse sequence generally does not occur.Systematic and evolutionary aspects of inflorescences are briefly discussed.Branching patterns are often stable in larger clades.Inflorescences of mutants studied in developmental genetic studies are mainly altered in flower or branch numbers or relative branch length,but not in branching patterns.This is also a contribution towards the goal of a unified terminology for the different fields of biology dealing with inflorescences.     

三种种植方式对土壤微生物群落组成的影响

土壤微生物是表征土壤质量变化的敏感指标之一。借助长期定位试验, 采用磷脂脂肪酸分析方法研究了3种种植方式(玉米(Zea mays)连作、玉米非连作和撂荒)对土壤微生物群落组成的影响。结果表明, 在不同的种植方式下, 土壤微生物群落组成有明显的差异。玉米连作的土壤中总磷脂脂肪酸和细菌磷脂脂肪酸含量最低, 分别为33.12 nmol·g^-1和18.09 nmol·g^-1。非连作的土壤真菌磷脂脂肪酸和真菌/细菌分别为0.61 nmol·g^-1和3.06%, 显著低于撂荒和连作(p < 0.05), 非连作方式下, 革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌增大。撂荒土壤的总磷脂脂肪酸和细菌磷脂脂肪酸分别为42.98和24.68 nmol·g^-1, 高于耕作处理。 同时, 在撂荒方式下, 革兰氏阳性细菌和革兰氏阴性细菌的含量增加, 革兰氏阳性细菌/革兰氏阴性细菌降低。主成分分析结果表明: 耕作处理(玉米连作和非连作)分布第一主成分负方向上, 第一主成分得分系数分别为-2.48和-1.84; 撂荒分布第一主成分正方向上, 第一主成分得分系数为2.31, 与连作和非连作差异显著(p < 0.05)。冗余分析(RDA)表明: 土壤pH、总氮、有效磷和土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量与磷脂脂肪酸呈正相关, 并且土壤pH和土壤>0.25 mm水稳性团聚体含量对土壤微生物群落的影响最大。     

Native and alien plant species richness in relation to spatial heterogeneity on a regional scale in Germany

Aim The aim of our study was to reveal relationships between richness patterns of native vs. alien plant species and spatial heterogeneity across varying landscape patterns at a regional scale. Location The study was carried out in the administrative district of Dessau (Germany), covering around 4000 km². Methods Data on plant distribution of the German vascular flora available in grid cells covering 5′ longitude and 3′ latitude (c. 32 km²) were divided into three status groups: native plants, archaeophytes (pre 1500 AD aliens) and neophytes (post 1500 AD aliens). Land use and abiotic data layers were intersected with 125 grid cells comprising the selected area. Using novel landscape ecological methods, we calculated 38 indices of landscape composition and configuration for each grid cell. Principal components analysis (PCA) with a set of 29 selected, low correlated landscape indices was followed by multiple linear regression analysis. Results PCA reduced 29 indices to eight principal components (PCs) that explained 80% cumulative variance. Multiple linear regression analysis was highly significant and explained 41% to 60% variance in plant species distribution (adjusted R²) with three significant PCs (tested for spatial autocorrelation) expressing moderate to high disturbance levels and high spatial heterogeneity. Comparing the significance of the PCs for the species groups, native plant species richness is most strongly associated with riverine ecosystems, followed by urban ecosystems, and then small‐scale rural ecosystems. Archaeophyte and neophyte richness are most strongly associated with urban ecosystems, followed by small‐scale rural ecosystems and riverine ecosystems for archaeophytes, and riverine ecosystems and small‐scale rural ecosystems for neophytes. Main conclusions Our overall results suggest that species richness of native and alien plants increases with moderate levels of natural and/or anthropogenic disturbances, coupled with high levels of habitat and structural heterogeneity in urban, riverine, and small‐scale rural ecosystems. Despite differences in the order of relevance of PCs for the three plant groups, we conclude that at the regional scale species richness patterns of native plants as well as alien plants are promoted by similar factors.     

Biodiversity conservation and cash crop development in northern Thailand

This study examines some of the implications of increased cash croppingfor wildlife in the highlands of northern Thailand. Through in-depth study of twoHmong villages and interviews in several others, information was collectedregarding cash crop adoption patterns, comparisons between various cash crops interms of inputs and yields and trends in land use change and hunting behaviour.The results show that the newer cash crops, cabbage and carnations inparticular, have greater abilities to support larger human populations per unitland area and thereby reduce pressure for increased land clearing. However,strong concerns remain regarding the chemical inputs used on thesecrops. Since the adoption of cash cropping, hunting frequency has declined. Interviewees provided seven reasons, withthe time requirements for cash crop tending being the main one. Hunting isstill practiced but largely for social rather than economic reasons. Oneexception is the regular hunting of small animals by opium addicts. Others nowhave sufficient money to be able to buy meat. Hunters span all economic classes.Hunting now plays a reduced social role in the society. In general, the youngergeneration has reduced knowledge of the forest environment. No support was foundfor the hypothesis that cash cropping had reduced village regulations onhunting, as few such regulations exist amongst the Hmong. This study suggeststhat there may be advantages to biodiversity conservation from cash cropping inthe highlands of SE Asia and confirms the much broader scope that conservationscientists must embrace in order to understand all the factors that mightinfluence biodiversity in a region.     

圈养马麝夏秋冬活动格局的比较

2000年6月至2001年1月间,在甘肃兴隆山保护区麝场对46只圈养马麝进行扫描取样观察,记录其站立及运动、摄食、反刍和静卧4种行为,并对各行为的发生率进行了统计分析。结果表明：圈养马麝的活动有昼夜节律和季节变化,夏季活动型属于晨昏型偏夜型,秋季偏向昼夜型,冬季也属昼夜型但趋于白昼活动;除季节间分布不一的晨昏活动高峰期外,3个季节均有相对恒定的午夜（22：00－01：30）活动高峰;气温是影响圈养马麝活动格局的主要因子。     

利用I&和*m指标法对山东赤松种群空间分布格局纹理的研究

赤松 (Ｐｉｎｕｓｄｅｎｓｉｆｌｏｒａ)是重要的造林先锋树种 ,在我国主要分布于辽东半岛南部至江苏北部云台山之间的温带沿海地区 ,山东为其主要分布区。赤松林作为我国暖温带落叶阔叶林区域的温性针叶林类型 ,是山东最主要的针叶林 ,总面积达 2 .6 6 7×10 5ｈａ以上 ,木材蓄积量为 1.2× 10 6ｍ3 ,分别占全省森林总面积的 2 0 .19%及木材蓄积量的 14.4 9%。但自 2 0世纪 70年代以来 ,赤松受到“两虫”(松毛虫、松干蚧 )的严重危害 ,加上纯林太多和物种多样性指数低等原因 ,以至目前在山东难以找到大片的成年赤松林[1] 。为保护和发展这…     

Longitudinal study on growth in height in Polish boys and girls

Physical growth and development of children, determined by endogenous factors (genetic and paragenetic) is modified by numerous exogenic ones. This affects differentiation of ways of growth in individual children. In order to estimate the individual growth patterns and changes in growth rate as well as differences in growth of boys and girls, one must observe the process of growth of the same children and over a period of many years (longitudinal study). Such longitudinal study is the only way to provide information about the variability of growth and growth velocity at each age.     

Restriction Profiles of the Chromosomal DNA from Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans Strains Adapted to Different Oxidation Substrates

Restriction profiles of chromosomal DNA were studied in different Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans strains grown on medium with Fe²⁺ and further adapted to another oxidation substrate (S⁰, FeS₂, or sulfide ore concentrates). The restriction endonuclease XbaI digested the chromosomal DNA from different strains into different numbers of fragments of various sizes. Adaptation of two strains (TFBk and TFN-d) to new oxidation substrates resulted in structural changes in XbaI-restriction patterns of their chromosomal DNA. Such changes in the DNA restriction patterns occurred in strain TFBk after the adaptation to precyanidated gravitational pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate (no. 1) from the Nezhdaninskoe deposit or to copper-containing ore from the Udokanskoe deposit and also in strain TFN-d adapted to untreated pyrite-arsenopyrite concentrate (no. 2) from the Nezhdaninskoe deposit. No changes in the number or size of the XbaI-restriction patterns of chromosomal DNA were revealed in either strain TFBk cultivated on media with pyrite from the Angren and Tulun deposits or in strains TFN-d and TFO grown on media with S⁰ and pyrite. Neither were changes observed in the XbaI-restriction patterns of the DNA from strain TFV-1, isolated from the copper ore of the Volkovskoe deposit, when Fe²⁺ was substituted with alternative substrates—S⁰, pyrite or concentrate no. 2 from the ore of the Nezhdaninskoe deposit. In strain TFO, no differences in the XbaI-restriction patterns of the chromosomal DNA were revealed between the culture grown on medium containing concentrate no. 2 or the concentrate of surface-lying ore from the Olimpiadinskoe deposit and the culture grown on medium with Fe²⁺. When strain TFO was cultivated on the ore concentrate from deeper horizons of the Olimpiadinskoe deposit, which are characterized by lower oxidation degrees and high antimony content, mutant TFO-2 differing from the parent strain in the chromosomal DNA structure was isolated. The correlation between the lability of the chromosomal DNA structure in A. ferrooxidans strains and the physical and chemical peculiarities of the isolation substrate and habitat is discussed.